AustralieFrV1, Main, Exploration, bibRecord, 00A687

Determinants of woody cover in African savannas

Identifieur interne : 00A687 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 00A686; suivant : 00A688

Determinants of woody cover in African savannas

Auteurs : Mahesh Sankaran [États-Unis] ; Niall P. Hanan [États-Unis] ; Robert J. Scholes [Afrique du Sud] ; Jayashree Ratnam [États-Unis] ; David J. Augustine [États-Unis] ; Brian S. Cade [États-Unis] ; Jacques Gignoux [France] ; Steven I. Higgins [Allemagne] ; Xavier Le Roux [France] ; Fulco Ludwig [Australie] ; Jonas Ardo [Suède] ; Feetham Banyikwa [Tanzanie] ; Andries Bronn [Afrique du Sud] ; Gabriela Bucini [États-Unis] ; Kelly K. Caylor [États-Unis] ; Michael B. Coughenour [États-Unis] ; Alioune Diouf [Sénégal] ; Wellington Ekaya [Kenya] ; Christie J. Feral [États-Unis] ; Edmund C. February [Afrique du Sud] ; Peter G. H. Frost [Zimbabwe] ; Pierre Hiernaux [France] ; Halszka Hrabar [Afrique du Sud] ; Kristine L. Metzger [États-Unis] ; Herbert H. T. Prins [Pays-Bas] ; Susan Ringrose [Botswana] ; William Sea [États-Unis] ; Jorg Tews [Allemagne] ; Jeff Worden [États-Unis] ; Nick Zambatis [Afrique du Sud]

Source :

Nature : (London) [ 0028-0836 ] ; 2005.

RBID : Pascal:06-0056846

Descripteurs français

Pascal (Inist)
- Savane, Afrique, Couvert végétal, Arbre, Précipitation atmosphérique, Dynamique végétation, Feu végétation, Herbivore, Zone aride.
Wicri :
- topic : Arbre, Zone aride.

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Africa, Arid region, Atmospheric precipitation, Herbivorous, Plant cover, Savannah, Tree, Vegetation dynamics, Vegetation fire.

Abstract

Savannas are globally important ecosystems of great significance to human economies. In these biomes, which are characterized by the co-dominance of trees and grasses, woody cover is a chief determinant of ecosystem properties^1-3. The availability of resources (water, nutrients) and disturbance regimes (fire, herbivory) are thought to be important in regulating woody cover^1,2,4,5, but perceptions differ on which of these are the primary drivers of savanna structure. Here we show, using data from 854 sites across Africa, that maximum woody cover in savannas receiving a mean annual precipitation (MAP) of less than ∼650 mm is constrained by, and increases linearly with, MAP. These arid and semi-arid savannas may be considered 'stable' systems in which water constrains woody cover and permits grasses to coexist, while fire, herbivory and soil properties interact to reduce woody cover below the MAP-controlled upper bound. Above a MAP of ∼650 mm, savannas are 'unstable' systems in which MAP is sufficient for woody canopy closure, and disturbances (fire, herbivory) are required for the coexistence of trees and grass. These results provide insights into the nature of African savannas and suggest that future changes in precipitation⁶ may considerably affect their distribution and dynamics.

Affiliations:

Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)

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Le document en format XML

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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Determinants of woody cover in African savannas</title>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University</s1>
<s2>Fort Collins, Colorado 80523</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>16 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>27 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>29 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Fort Collins, Colorado 80523</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hanan, Niall P" sort="Hanan, Niall P" uniqKey="Hanan N" first="Niall P." last="Hanan">Niall P. Hanan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University</s1>
<s2>Fort Collins, Colorado 80523</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>16 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>27 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>29 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Fort Collins, Colorado 80523</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Scholes, Robert J" sort="Scholes, Robert J" uniqKey="Scholes R" first="Robert J." last="Scholes">Robert J. Scholes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Forest Science and Technology, CSIR, PO Box 395</s1>
<s2>Pretoria 001</s2>
<s3>ZAF</s3>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Afrique du Sud</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Pretoria 001</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ratnam, Jayashree" sort="Ratnam, Jayashree" uniqKey="Ratnam J" first="Jayashree" last="Ratnam">Jayashree Ratnam</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University</s1>
<s2>Fort Collins, Colorado 80523</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>16 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>27 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>29 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Fort Collins, Colorado 80523</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Augustine, David J" sort="Augustine, David J" uniqKey="Augustine D" first="David J." last="Augustine">David J. Augustine</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>USDA Forest Service, Commanche National Grassland, PO Box 12</s1>
<s2>Springfield, Colorado 81073</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Springfield, Colorado 81073</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cade, Brian S" sort="Cade, Brian S" uniqKey="Cade B" first="Brian S." last="Cade">Brian S. Cade</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building C</s1>
<s2>Fort Collins, Colorado 80526-8818</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Fort Collins, Colorado 80526-8818</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gignoux, Jacques" sort="Gignoux, Jacques" uniqKey="Gignoux J" first="Jacques" last="Gignoux">Jacques Gignoux</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Ecole Normale Superieure, Laboratoire d'ecologie, UMR 7625 CNRS, Université de Pans 6 ENS, 46 Rue d'Ulm</s1>
<s2>75230 Paris</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<wicri:noRegion>75230 Paris</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Higgins, Steven I" sort="Higgins, Steven I" uniqKey="Higgins S" first="Steven I." last="Higgins">Steven I. Higgins</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Umweltforschungszentrum Leipzig Halle, Sekt Okosyst Anal, Permoserstrasse 15</s1>
<s2>04318 Leipzig</s2>
<s3>DEU</s3>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Allemagne</country>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Leipzig</region>
<settlement type="city">Leipzig</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Le Roux, Xavier" sort="Le Roux, Xavier" uniqKey="Le Roux X" first="Xavier" last="Le Roux">Xavier Le Roux</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Microbial Ecology Laboratory, UMR 5557 CNRS, Université Lyon 1 USC INRA 1193, Bâtiment G Mendel, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918</s1>
<s2>69622 Villeurbanne</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<wicri:noRegion>69622 Villeurbanne</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>69622 Villeurbanne</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ludwig, Fulco" sort="Ludwig, Fulco" uniqKey="Ludwig F" first="Fulco" last="Ludwig">Fulco Ludwig</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>CSIRO Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, CSIRO Plant Industry, Private Bag 5</s1>
<s2>Wembley, Western Australia 6913</s2>
<s3>AUS</s3>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Australie</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Wembley, Western Australia 6913</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ardo, Jonas" sort="Ardo, Jonas" uniqKey="Ardo J" first="Jonas" last="Ardo">Jonas Ardo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="09"><s1>Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis, Lund University, Solvegatan 12</s1>
<s2>223 62 Lund</s2>
<s3>SWE</s3>
<sZ>11 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Suède</country>
<wicri:noRegion>223 62 Lund</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Banyikwa, Feetham" sort="Banyikwa, Feetham" uniqKey="Banyikwa F" first="Feetham" last="Banyikwa">Feetham Banyikwa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Department of Botany, University of Dar es Salaam, PO Box 35060</s1>
<s2>Dar es Salaam</s2>
<s3>TZA</s3>
<sZ>12 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Tanzanie</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bronn, Andries" sort="Bronn, Andries" uniqKey="Bronn A" first="Andries" last="Bronn">Andries Bronn</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Department of Agriculture and Game Management, Private Bag X6011, Port Elizabeth Technikon</s1>
<s2>Port Elizabeth 6000</s2>
<s3>ZAF</s3>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Afrique du Sud</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Port Elizabeth 6000</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bucini, Gabriela" sort="Bucini, Gabriela" uniqKey="Bucini G" first="Gabriela" last="Bucini">Gabriela Bucini</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University</s1>
<s2>Fort Collins, Colorado 80523</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>16 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>27 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>29 aut.</sZ>
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<country>États-Unis</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Fort Collins, Colorado 80523</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Caylor, Kelly K" sort="Caylor, Kelly K" uniqKey="Caylor K" first="Kelly K." last="Caylor">Kelly K. Caylor</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Princeton University</s1>
<s2>Princeton, New Jersey 08544</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>15 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Princeton (New Jersey)</settlement>
<region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Princeton</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Coughenour, Michael B" sort="Coughenour, Michael B" uniqKey="Coughenour M" first="Michael B." last="Coughenour">Michael B. Coughenour</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University</s1>
<s2>Fort Collins, Colorado 80523</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>16 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>27 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>29 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Fort Collins, Colorado 80523</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Diouf, Alioune" sort="Diouf, Alioune" uniqKey="Diouf A" first="Alioune" last="Diouf">Alioune Diouf</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="13"><s1>Centre de Suivi Ecologique, BP 15532</s1>
<s2>Dakar</s2>
<s3>SEN</s3>
<sZ>17 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Sénégal</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ekaya, Wellington" sort="Ekaya, Wellington" uniqKey="Ekaya W" first="Wellington" last="Ekaya">Wellington Ekaya</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="14"><s1>University of Nairobi, Department of Range Management, PO Box 29053</s1>
<s2>Nairobi</s2>
<s3>KEN</s3>
<sZ>18 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Kenya</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Feral, Christie J" sort="Feral, Christie J" uniqKey="Feral C" first="Christie J." last="Feral">Christie J. Feral</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>Environmental Sciences Department, University of Virginia, PO Box 400123, 291 McCormick Road</s1>
<s2>Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4123</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>19 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4123</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="February, Edmund C" sort="February, Edmund C" uniqKey="February E" first="Edmund C." last="February">Edmund C. February</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="16"><s1>Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, University Private Bag</s1>
<s2>Rondebosch 7700</s2>
<s3>ZAF</s3>
<sZ>20 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Afrique du Sud</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Rondebosch 7700</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frost, Peter G H" sort="Frost, Peter G H" uniqKey="Frost P" first="Peter G. H." last="Frost">Peter G. H. Frost</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="17"><s1>Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant</s1>
<s2>Harare</s2>
<s3>ZWE</s3>
<sZ>21 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Zimbabwe</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Harare</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hiernaux, Pierre" sort="Hiernaux, Pierre" uniqKey="Hiernaux P" first="Pierre" last="Hiernaux">Pierre Hiernaux</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="18"><s1>CESBIO, 18 Avenue E Belin</s1>
<s2>31401 Toulouse</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>22 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hrabar, Halszka" sort="Hrabar, Halszka" uniqKey="Hrabar H" first="Halszka" last="Hrabar">Halszka Hrabar</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="19"><s1>Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria</s1>
<s2>Pretoria 002</s2>
<s3>ZAF</s3>
<sZ>23 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Afrique du Sud</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Pretoria 002</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Metzger, Kristine L" sort="Metzger, Kristine L" uniqKey="Metzger K" first="Kristine L." last="Metzger">Kristine L. Metzger</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="20"><s1>Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Drive</s1>
<s2>Madison, Wisconsin 53706</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>24 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Madison, Wisconsin 53706</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Prins, Herbert H T" sort="Prins, Herbert H T" uniqKey="Prins H" first="Herbert H. T." last="Prins">Herbert H. T. Prins</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="21"><s1>Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Bornsesteeg 69</s1>
<s2>6708 PD Wageningen</s2>
<s3>NLD</s3>
<sZ>25 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:noRegion>6708 PD Wageningen</wicri:noRegion>
<orgName type="university">Université de Wageningue</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Wageningue</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Gueldre (province)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ringrose, Susan" sort="Ringrose, Susan" uniqKey="Ringrose S" first="Susan" last="Ringrose">Susan Ringrose</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="22"><s1>Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre, University of Botswana, Private Bag 285</s1>
<s2>Maun</s2>
<s3>BWA</s3>
<sZ>26 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Botswana</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Maun</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sea, William" sort="Sea, William" uniqKey="Sea W" first="William" last="Sea">William Sea</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University</s1>
<s2>Fort Collins, Colorado 80523</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>16 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>27 aut.</sZ>
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<country>États-Unis</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Fort Collins, Colorado 80523</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tews, Jorg" sort="Tews, Jorg" uniqKey="Tews J" first="Jorg" last="Tews">Jorg Tews</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="23"><s1>University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry & Biology, Plant Ecology & Nature Conservation, Maulbeerallee 2</s1>
<s2>14469 Potsdam</s2>
<s3>DEU</s3>
<sZ>28 aut.</sZ>
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<settlement type="city">Potsdam</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Potsdam</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Potsdam</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Worden, Jeff" sort="Worden, Jeff" uniqKey="Worden J" first="Jeff" last="Worden">Jeff Worden</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University</s1>
<s2>Fort Collins, Colorado 80523</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
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<wicri:noRegion>Fort Collins, Colorado 80523</wicri:noRegion>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zambatis, Nick" sort="Zambatis, Nick" uniqKey="Zambatis N" first="Nick" last="Zambatis">Nick Zambatis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="24"><s1>Scientific Services, Kruger National Park, Private Bag X402</s1>
<s2>Skukuza 1350</s2>
<s3>ZAF</s3>
<sZ>30 aut.</sZ>
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<country>Afrique du Sud</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Skukuza 1350</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j" type="main">Nature : (London)</title>
<title level="j" type="abbreviated">Nature : (Lond.)</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0028-0836</idno>
<imprint><date when="2005">2005</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
<seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Nature : (London)</title>
<title level="j" type="abbreviated">Nature : (Lond.)</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0028-0836</idno>
</seriesStmt>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Africa</term>
<term>Arid region</term>
<term>Atmospheric precipitation</term>
<term>Herbivorous</term>
<term>Plant cover</term>
<term>Savannah</term>
<term>Tree</term>
<term>Vegetation dynamics</term>
<term>Vegetation fire</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Savane</term>
<term>Afrique</term>
<term>Couvert végétal</term>
<term>Arbre</term>
<term>Précipitation atmosphérique</term>
<term>Dynamique végétation</term>
<term>Feu végétation</term>
<term>Herbivore</term>
<term>Zone aride</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Arbre</term>
<term>Zone aride</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Savannas are globally important ecosystems of great significance to human economies. In these biomes, which are characterized by the co-dominance of trees and grasses, woody cover is a chief determinant of ecosystem properties<sup>1-3</sup>
. The availability of resources (water, nutrients) and disturbance regimes (fire, herbivory) are thought to be important in regulating woody cover<sup>1,2,4,5</sup>
, but perceptions differ on which of these are the primary drivers of savanna structure. Here we show, using data from 854 sites across Africa, that maximum woody cover in savannas receiving a mean annual precipitation (MAP) of less than ∼650 mm is constrained by, and increases linearly with, MAP. These arid and semi-arid savannas may be considered 'stable' systems in which water constrains woody cover and permits grasses to coexist, while fire, herbivory and soil properties interact to reduce woody cover below the MAP-controlled upper bound. Above a MAP of ∼650 mm, savannas are 'unstable' systems in which MAP is sufficient for woody canopy closure, and disturbances (fire, herbivory) are required for the coexistence of trees and grass. These results provide insights into the nature of African savannas and suggest that future changes in precipitation<sup>6</sup>
 may considerably affect their distribution and dynamics.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Afrique du Sud</li>
<li>Allemagne</li>
<li>Australie</li>
<li>Botswana</li>
<li>France</li>
<li>Kenya</li>
<li>Pays-Bas</li>
<li>Suède</li>
<li>Sénégal</li>
<li>Tanzanie</li>
<li>Zimbabwe</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region><li>Brandebourg</li>
<li>District de Leipzig</li>
<li>Gueldre (province)</li>
<li>Midi-Pyrénées</li>
<li>New Jersey</li>
<li>Occitanie (région administrative)</li>
<li>Saxe (Land)</li>
<li>Île-de-France</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Leipzig</li>
<li>Paris</li>
<li>Potsdam</li>
<li>Princeton (New Jersey)</li>
<li>Toulouse</li>
<li>Wageningue</li>
</settlement>
<orgName><li>Université de Potsdam</li>
<li>Université de Princeton</li>
<li>Université de Wageningue</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Sankaran, Mahesh" sort="Sankaran, Mahesh" uniqKey="Sankaran M" first="Mahesh" last="Sankaran">Mahesh Sankaran</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Augustine, David J" sort="Augustine, David J" uniqKey="Augustine D" first="David J." last="Augustine">David J. Augustine</name>
<name sortKey="Bucini, Gabriela" sort="Bucini, Gabriela" uniqKey="Bucini G" first="Gabriela" last="Bucini">Gabriela Bucini</name>
<name sortKey="Cade, Brian S" sort="Cade, Brian S" uniqKey="Cade B" first="Brian S." last="Cade">Brian S. Cade</name>
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	Serveur d'exploration sur les relations entre la France et l'Australie
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Serveur d'exploration sur les relations entre la France et l'Australie

Determinants of woody cover in African savannas

Determinants of woody cover in African savannas

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